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Non-Fiction - Short Memoirs
The start of a series on Witness to History.


Witness to History: Grandma’s 90th Birthday, July 19, 1964
My paternal grandmother immigrated from Finland to New York City at the beginning of the 20th century. My grandfather, a diamond cutter, built a three-story house in the Bronx, but the guilds that governed diamond cutters would not admit him because he wasn’t part of their group. He couldn’t get steady work and eventually had to sell the house. They moved to a seven-room railroad apartment in Harlem, which was more affordable, while my grandmother worked for wealthy families


Witness to History: “Duck & Cover,” Fear and the Red Scare
When I was in Junior High School in Sunnyside, Queens, our military and soldiers were in Korea, fighting in an undeclared war with what became North Korea, which was supported by China. We were in the middle of the McCarthy era, of the Cold War and the Red Scare, which disrupted many citizens lives through Congressional, and FBI investigations, turning people against each other, and blacklisting people (artists, writers, actors, musicians, university teachers, union organize
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